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Empowerment refers to increasing the spiritual, political, social, educational, gender, or economic strength of individuals and communities.

Definitions

The term empowerment covers a vast landscape of meanings, interpretations, definitions and disciplines ranging from psychology and philosophy to the highly commercialized self-help industry and motivational sciences.

Sociological empowerment often addresses members of groups that social discrimination processes have excluded from decision-making processes through ? for example ? discrimination based on disability, race, ethnicity, religion, or gender. Empowerment as a methodology is often associated with feminism: see consciousness-raising.

Marginalization

?Marginalized? refers to the overt or covert trends within societies whereby those perceived as lacking desirable traits or deviating from the group norms tend to be excluded by wider society and ostracized as undesirables.

Sometimes groups are marginalized by society at large, but governments are often unwitting or enthusiastic participants. For example, the U.S. government marginalized cultural minorities, particularly blacks, prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This Act made it illegal to restrict access to schools and public places based on race. Equal opportunity laws which actively oppose such marginalization, allow increased empowerment to occur. They are also a symptom of minorities? and women?s empowerment through lobbying.

Marginalized people who lack self-sufficiency become, at a minimum, dependent on charity, or welfare. They lose their self-confidence because they cannot be fully self-supporting. The opportunities denied them also deprive them of the pride of accomplishment which others, who have those opportunities, can develop for themselves. This in turn can lead to psychological, social and even mental health problems.

Empowerment is then the process of obtaining these basic opportunities for marginalized people, either directly by those people, or through the help of non-marginalized others who share their own access to these opportunities. It also includes actively thwarting attempts to deny those opportunities. Empowerment also includes encouraging, and developing the skills for, self-sufficiency, with a focus on eliminating the future need for charity or welfare in the individuals of the group. This process can be difficult to start and to implement effectively, but there are many examples of empowerment projects which have succeeded.^[1]

One empowerment strategy is to assist marginalized people to create their own nonprofit organization, using the rationale that only the marginalized people, themselves, can know what their own people need most, and that control of the organization by outsiders can actually help to further entrench marginalization. Charitable organizations lead from outside of the community, for example, can disempower the community by entrenching a dependence on charity or welfare. A nonprofit organization can target strategies that cause structural changes, reducing the need for ongoing dependence. Red Cross, for example, can focus on improving the health of indigenous people, but does not have authority in its charter to install water-delivery and purification systems, even though the lack of such a system profoundly, directly and negatively impacts health. A nonprofit composed of the indigenous people, however, could ensure their own organization does have such authority and could set their own agendas, make their own plans, seek the needed resources, do as much of the work as they can, and take responsibility ? and credit ? for the success of their projects (or the consequences, should they fail).

Numerous critical perspectives exist that propose that an empowerment paradigm is present, Clark (2008) showed that whilst there was a degree of autonomy provided by empowerment, it also made way for extended surveillance and control, hence the contradiction perspective (Fardini, 2001).

Empowerment of women

Empowerment of women, also called gender empowerment, has become a significant topic of discussion in regards to development and economics. Entire nations, businesses, communities, and groups can benefit from the implementation of programs and policies that adopt the notion of women empowerment.^[2] Empowerment is one of the main procedural concerns when addressing human rights and development. The Human Development and Capabilities Approach, The Millennium Development Goals, and other credible approaches/goals point to empowerment and participation as a necessary step if a country is to overcome the obstacles associated with poverty and development.^[3]

Measuring gender empowerment

Gender empowerment can be measured through the Gender Empowerment Measure, or the GEM. The GEM shows women?s participation in a given nation, both politically and economically. Gem is calculated by tracking ?the share of seats in parliament held by women; of female legislators, senior officials and managers; and of female profession and technical workers; and the gender disparity in earned income, reflecting economic independence.?^[2] It then ranks countries given this information. Other measures that take into account the importance of female participation and equality include: the Gender Parity Index and the Gender-related Development Index (GDI),^[2]

Ways to empower women

One way to deploy the empowerment of women is through land rights. Land rights offer a key way to economically empower women, giving them the confidence they need to tackle gender inequalities. Often, women in developing nations are legally restricted from their land on the sole basis of gender. Having a right to their land gives women a sort of bargaining power that they wouldn?t normally have, in turn; they gain the ability to assert themselves in various aspects of their life, both in and outside of the home.^[4] Another way to provide women empowerment is to allocate responsibilities to them that normally belong to men. When women have economic empowerment, it is a way for others to see them as equal members of society. Through this, they achieve more self-respect and confidence by their contributions to their communities. Simply including women as a part of a community can have sweeping positive effects. In a study conducted by Bina Agarwal, women were given a place in a forest conservation group. Not only did this drive up the efficiency of the group, but the women gained incredible self-esteem while others, including men, viewed them with more respect.^[5]Participation, which can be seen and gained in a variety of ways, has been argued to be the most beneficial form of gender empowerment. Political participation, be it the ability to vote and voice opinions, or the ability to run for office with a fair chance of being elected, plays a huge role in the empowerment of peoples.^[2] However, participation is not limited to the realm of politics. It can include participation in the household, in schools, and the ability to make choices for oneself. It can be said that these latter participations need to be achieved before one can move onto broader political participation.^[6] When women have the agency to do what she wants, a higher equality between men and women is established. It is argued that Microcredit also offers a way to provide empowerment for women.^[7] Governments, organizations, and individuals have caught hold of the lure of microfinance. They hope that lending money and credit allows women to function in business and society, which in turn empowers them to do more in their communities. One of the primary goals in the foundation of microfinance was women empowerment. Loans with low interest rates are given to women in developing communities in hopes that they can start a small business and provide for her family.^[8] It should be said, however, that the success and efficiency of microcredit and microloans is controversial and constantly debated.^[9]

Economic benefits of women empowerment

Most women across the globe rely on the informal work sector for an income.^[10] If women were empowered to do more and be more, the possibility for economic growth becomes apparent. Eliminating a significant part of a nation?s work force on the sole basis of gender can have detrimental effects on the economy of that nation.^[11] In addition, female participation in counsels, groups, and businesses is seen to increase efficiency.^[12] For a general idea on how an empowered women can impact a situation monetarily, a study found that of fortune 500 companies, ?those with more women board directors had significantly higher financial returns, including 53 percent higher returns on equity, 24 percent higher returns on sales and 67 percent higher returns on invested capital (OECD, 2008).?^[13] This study shows the impact women can have on the overall economic benefits of a company. If implemented on a global scale, the inclusion of women in the formal workforce (like a fortune 500 company) can increase the economic output of a nation.

Barriers of women empowerment

Many of the barriers to women empowerment and equity lie ingrained into the cultures of certain nations and societies. Many women feel these pressures, while others have become accustomed to being treated inferior to men.^[14] Even if men, legislators, NGOs, etc. are aware of the benefits women empowerment and participation can have, many are scared of disrupting the status quo and continue to let societal norms get in the way of development.^[7]

The process of empowerment

The process which enables individuals/groups to fully access personal/collective power, authority and influence, and to employ that strength when engaging with other people, institutions or society. In other words, ?Empowerment is not giving people power, people already have plenty of power, in the wealth of their knowledge and motivation, to do their jobs magnificently. We define empowerment as letting this power out (Blanchard, K).? It encourages people to gain the skills and knowledge that will allow them to overcome obstacles in life or work environment and ultimately, help them develop within themselves or in the society.

To empower a female ??sounds as though we are dismissing or ignoring males, but the truth is, both genders desperately need to be equally empowered.? (Dr. Asa Don Brown) Empowerment occurs through improvement of conditions, standards, events, and a global perspective of life.

Workplace empowerment

According to Thomas A Potterfield,^[15] many organizational theorists and practitioners regard employee empowerment as one of the most important and popular management concepts of our time.

Ciulla discusses an inverse case: that of bogus empowerment.^[16]

Empowerment in management

In the book Empowerment Takes More Than a Minute, the authors, Ken Blanchard, John P. Carlos, and Alan Randolph, illustrate three keys that organizations can use to open the knowledge, experience, and motivation power that people already have. The three keys that managers must use to empower their employees are:

1. Share information with everyone
2. Create autonomy through boundaries
3. Replace the old hierarchy with self-managed teams

According to author Stewart, in her book Empowering People she describes that in order to guarantee a successful work environment, managers need to exercise the ?right kind of authority? (p.6). To summarize, ?empowerment is simply the effective use of a manager?s authority?, and subsequently, it is a productive way to maximize all-around work efficiency.

These keys are hard to put into place and it is a journey to achieve empowerment in a workplace. It is important to train employees and make sure they have trust in what empowerment will bring to a company.^[17]

Economics

In economic development, the empowerment approach focuses on mobilizing the self-help efforts of the poor, rather than providing them with social welfare. Economic empowerment is also the empowering of previously disadvantaged sections of the population, for example, in many previously colonized African countries.^[18]

See also

Notes

1. ^ Sughosh India Foundation ?Sughosh?s meaning of empowerment?. 8 Nov 2010. (accessed October 4, 2011)
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Deneulin, S?verine, with Lila Shahani. 2009. An Introduction to the Human Development and Capability Approach: Freedom and Agency. Sterling, VA: Earthscan.
3. ^ U.N. General Assembly, 55th Session. ?United Nations Millennium Declaration.? (A/55/L.2). 8 September 2000. (Online) Available: http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.pdf (accessed January 2, 2008)
4. ^ Agarwal, Bina. 1994. ?Land Rights for Women: Making the Case,? in A Field of One?s Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia, pp. 1-50. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
5. ^ Argawal, Bina. 2010. ?Gender and Green Governance: The Political Economy of Women?s Presence Within and Beyond Community Forestry.? New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
6. ^ Nussbaum, Martha C. 2000. ?Introduction,? in Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach, pp. 1?33. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
7. ^ ^{a b} World Survey on the Role of Women In Development. 2009. Women?s Control over Economic Resources and Access to Financial Resources, including Microfinance. New York: United Nations
8. ^ Bateman, Milford. 2010. Why Doesn?t Microfinance Work?: The Destructive Rise of Local Neoliberalism, New York: Zed Books.
9. ^ Parmar, A. 2003. ?Microcredit, Empowerment, and Agency: Re-evaluating the Discourse.? Canadian Journal of Development Studies 24 (3): 461-76.
10. ^ United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. 2010. Combating Poverty and Inequality: Structural Change, Social Policy and Politics. Geneva: UNRISD ?Gender Inequalities at Home and in the Market.? Chapter 4, pp. 5?33
11. ^ UNICEF. 2007. ?Equality in Employment,? in The State of the World?s Children. New York: United Nations Children?s Fund.
12. ^ Argawal, Bina. 2010. ?Gender and Green Governance: The Political Economy of Women?s Presence Within and Beyond Community Forestry.? New York, NY: Oxford University Press
13. ^ World Survey on the Role of Women In Development. 2009. Women?s Control over Economic Resources and Access to Financial Resources, including Microfinance. New York: United Nations.
14. ^ Nussbaum, Martha C. 1995. ?Introduction,? in Martha C. Nussbaum and Jonathan Glover, eds. Women, Culture, and Development: A Study of Human Capabilities, pp. 1?15. Oxford: Clarendon Press
15. ^ Potterfield, Thomas. ?The Business of Employee Empowerment: Democracy and Ideaology in the Workplace.? Quorum Books, 1999, p. 6
16. ^ Ciulla, Joanne B. (2004), ?Leadership and the Problem of Bogus Empowerment?, in Ciulla, Joanne B., Ethics, the heart of leadership (2 ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN?978-0-275-98248-5, ?[...] in many organizations, promises of empowerment are bogus.?
17. ^ ?Empowerment Takes More Than a Minute? by Ken Blanchard, John P. Carlos, and Alan Randolph
18. ^ ?Welcome to MicroEmpowering!?. Microempowering.org. Retrieved 2012-08-24.

References

• Blanchard, Kenneth H., John P. Carlos, and Alan Randolph. Empowerment Takes More than a Minute. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 1996.
• Thomas, K. W. and Velthouse, B. A. (1990) ?Cognitive Elements of Empowerment: An ?Interpretive? Model of Intrinsic Task Motivation?. Academy of Management Review, Vol 15, No. 4, 666-681.
• Stewart, Aileen Mitchell. Empowering People (Institute of Management). Pitman. London: Financial Times Management, 1994.
• Wilkinson, A. 1998. Empowerment: theory and practice. Personnel Review. [online]. Vol. 27, No. 1, 40-56. Accessed February 16, 2004.

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